acknowledge that you have read and understood our, Data Structure & Algorithm Classes (Live), Data Structure & Algorithm-Self Paced(C++/JAVA), Full Stack Development with React & Node JS(Live), GATE CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Syllabus for Scientist/Engineer Exam, Face Detection using Python and OpenCV with webcam, Perspective Transformation Python OpenCV, Top 40 Python Interview Questions & Answers, Adding new column to existing DataFrame in Pandas, How to get column names in Pandas dataframe. Learn more about the function here In this example, we will write a numpy array as image using cv2.imwrite() function. True if the image is successfully written and False if the image is not written successfully to the local path specified. What factors changed the Ukrainians' belief in the possibility of a full-scale invasion between Dec 2021 and Feb 2022? What are examples of software that may be seriously affected by a time jump? He is an avid learner who enjoys learning new things and sharing his findings whenever possible. In this example, we will write a numpy array as image using cv2.imwrite () function. We will create a numpy array and pass the array to imwrite() method. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. NumPy can be used to convert an array into image. To install Keras API in an Anaconda virtual environment, use the conda install -c anaconda keras command (CPU version). size = This specifies the shape of the numpy array to be created. for uint8: 2 - 3 = 0 or 250 + 10 = 255. Keras provides the load_img function for loading a PIL image. I'm trying to convert a 2D Numpy array, representing a black-and-white image, into a 3-channel OpenCV array (i.e. The latest version is now downloaded. My solution uses int32 pixels for the point math then converts to uint8 . the purpose of answering questions, errors, examples in the programming process. Save the image object in a suitable file format. numpy uint8 will wrap. . There is a choice of several sequential colormaps for this type of images. Based on code samples and the docs I'm attempting to do this via Python like: However, the call to CvtColor() is throwing the following cpp-level Exception: Also I recommend you use newer version of OpenCV python API because it uses numpy arrays as primary data type: The simplest solution would be to use Pillow lib: Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! In this article, we will learn how to convert a NumPy Array to an image in Python. PIL works with pixel data, so each of RGBA is a value from 0 to 255. PTIJ Should we be afraid of Artificial Intelligence? image_filename = "image.jpeg" image_data.save(image_filename) Following is the complete Python code using Numpy to save a Numpy array as an image: import numpy as np height = 500 # can be any value width . Convert numpy arrays to images cv2 asked May 29 '18 Kafeel Basha 1 1 1 1 Hello Consider the object 'train_x' is a numpy array with dimension (10,28,28), can you please help me in converting these 10 array elements into 10 different images using opencv and name accordingly and store in a location, say "E:\Images". Also, in grayscale you have just one channel, so what are you meaning as saturation? Can a private person deceive a defendant to obtain evidence? def load_image_into_numpy_array(data): npimg = np.frombuffer(data, np.uint8) frame = cv2.imdecode(npimg, cv2.IMREAD_COLOR) cv2.cvtColor(frame, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB) return frame All . For that, we will create a numpy array with three channels for Red, Green and Blue containing random values. So reverting the channel order would work. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site. The image will be saved to the path mentioned in the method. Click below to consent to the above or make granular choices. I want to use saturation arithmetic so e.g. If you read an image which does not contains alpha channel (it is not transparent) using cv2.IMREAD_UNCHANGED, you may get an shape(heigh, width, 3). We first create an array that stores RGB color codes and then export them. You can change your settings at any time, including withdrawing your consent, by using the toggles on the Cookie Policy, or by clicking on the manage consent button at the bottom of the screen. Pixel manipulation in Python is therefore identical to . 542), We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. imread ( os. cv2.error: OpenCV(4.4.0) Functions used in this piece of code are imread(), which loads the image in the form of an array of the pixel and imshow(), which displays that image. 2018-05-29 07:13:40 -0600. Like. Does Python have a ternary conditional operator? How do I print the full NumPy array, without truncation? This function converts the input to an array Python3 from PIL import Image from numpy import asarray img = Image.open('Sample.png') numpydata = asarray (img) print(type(numpydata)) print(numpydata.shape) Output : <class 'numpy.ndarray'> (200, 400, 3) Do lobsters form social hierarchies and is the status in hierarchy reflected by serotonin levels? Need help convert numpy array image to image with full color. NumPy uses the asarray () class to convert PIL images into NumPy arrays. How to correctly use cv2.subtract for such cases ? How is "He who Remains" different from "Kang the Conqueror"? OpenCV version 3.x has introduced DNN and Caffe frameworks to solve deep learning problems Saving a Numpy array as an image. 2021 Copyrights. How are we doing? It might be possible that you can get an error, if matplotlib module is not installed. Check out these Python courses from Pluralsight to continue learning! rev2023.3.1.43266. This guide also gave you a heads up on converting images into an array form by using Keras API and OpenCV library. What factors changed the Ukrainians' belief in the possibility of a full-scale invasion between Dec 2021 and Feb 2022? Launching the CI/CD and R Collectives and community editing features for convert rgb image from numpy array to HSV (opencv). Just update that newer versions of OpenCV do not require such conversion anymore since the OpenCV array is an NumPy array. This image module provide a fromarray() method, to convert the array into any image format. We will prepare an image which contains alpha chanel. The Approach to convert NumPy Array to an Image: Import numpy library and create numpy array using randint () method. import cv2 import numpy as np #Created an image (really an ndarray) with three channels new_image = np.ndarray ( (3, num_rows, num_cols), dtype=int) #Did manipulations for my project where my array values went way over 255 #Eventually returned numbers to between 0 and 255 #Converted the datatype to np.uint8 new_image = new_image.astype (np.uint8) Our website specializes in programming languages. Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. OpenCV - could not find encoder for the specified extension. For example, import cv2 import numpy as np array = np.arange(0, 737280, 1, np.uint8) array = np.reshape(array, (1024, 720)) cv2.imwrite('filename.jpeg', array) Author: Manav Narula. cv2 uses BGR, Image uses RGB. We will start to read it using python opencv. Consider the object 'train_x' is a numpy array with dimension (10,28,28), can you please help me in converting these 10 array elements into 10 different images using opencv and name accordingly and store in a location, say "E:\Images". These functions can be useful convenience functions when getting started on a new dee- learning computer vision project or when you need to inspect specific images. Converting Numpy Array to OpenCV Array import numpy as np, cv vis = np.zeros ( (384, 836), np.float32) h,w = vis.shape vis2 = cv.CreateMat (h, w, cv.CV_32FC3) vis0 = cv.fromarray (vis) cv.CvtColor (vis0, vis2, cv.CV_GRAY2BGR) import numpy as np, cv2 vis = np.zeros ( (384, 836), np.float32) vis2 = cv2.cvtColor (vis, cv2.COLOR_GRAY2BGR) Given a NumPy array we need to convert it into an image in Python. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. A colormap default generates its RGBA values in the range 0-1. In Python, Pillow is the most popular and standard library when it comes to working with image data. PTIJ Should we be afraid of Artificial Intelligence? This will return an image object. But in this example, we will stick to the array with random values. I would like to keep high performance and avoid to allocate temporary arrays / types conversions. Designed by Colorlib. Here we will learn two ways to load and get the details of an image: use Pillow library and using Matplotlib library. 2018-05-29 05:37:19 -0600, updated Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions. We can specify the desired format of our image in the file name. error: (-215:Assertion failed) type2 == CV_64F && (sz2.height == 1 || image_data = array.astype(np.uint8) Specify the filename and save the image data directly. Feel free to contact me with any questions at Codealphabet. Python Pillow Read Image to NumPy Array: A Step Guide. Lets discuss all the methods one by one with proper approach and a working code example. For grayscale image, just corresponding intensity is returned. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. To read an image in Python using OpenCV, use cv2.imread() function. For example, the code below loads the photograph in JPEG format and saves it in PNG format. high = highest value of the random number to be generated. In this tutorial, we will introduce how to read an image to numpy ndarray. The Tensorflow + Keras framework is a go-to option for anyone who wants to work with deep learning. You can use PyPNG. Example: resize numpy array image import cv2 import numpy as np img = cv2.imread('your_image.jpg') res = cv2.resize(img, dsize=(54, 140), interpolation=cv2.INTER_CUB Menu NEWBEDEV Python Javascript Linux Cheat sheet Lets have a quick look at the functions that we are going to use in this example. This image is (width, height)= (180, 220), the backgroud of it is transparent. Examples for all these scenarios have been provided in this tutorial. Note: Every array cant be converted into an image because each pixel of an image consist of specific color code and if the given array is not in a suitable format the libraries wont be able to process it Properly. You can use PyPNG. The image will be displayed in your default image viewer. Learn how your comment data is processed. Your email address will not be published. The format argument saves the file in different formats, such as PNG, GIF, or PEG. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions. To enhance the performance of the predictive model, we must know how to load and manipulate images. Keras provides the functions for loading, converting, and saving image data. You will get: The effect of cv2.IMREAD_UNCHANGED is same to cv2.IMREAD_COLOR. The open-source game engine youve been waiting for: Godot (Ep. thanks a lot. Python : convert Images to Numpy Arrays using OpenCV and vice versa Click Here to download the image Share this: Twitter Facebook Like this: Like Loading. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. Happy learning. import numpy as np import rospy from sensor_msgs.msg import Image from rospy.numpy_msg import numpy_msg def vis_callback( data ): im = np.frombuffer(data.data, dtype=np.uint8).reshape(data.height, data.width, -1 . We will create a numpy array and pass the array to imwrite() method. rev2023.3.1.43266. Images can be thought of as an array of different pixels stored at specific positions with respective color codes. It might be possible that you can get an error, if imageio module is not installed. To provide the best experiences, we use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Then use the following command to install the opencv-python module. Reshape the above array to suitable dimensions. You may transform this matrix by using some algorithms. We will start to read it using python opencv. A Computer Science portal for geeks. Check for the images in the path you have mentioned. 18 comments Santhosh1509 commented on Jul 30, 2019 Sign up for free to join this conversation on GitHub . However, in recent versions, it got deprecated and the imwrite() function from the image.io() started getting recommended to perform this task and gained popularity for its simplicity. So it can be then used in libraries like openCV, tensorflow for Computer Vision or Deep Learning Applications. After performing the manipulations, it is important to save the image before performing further steps. These are some values are often used in flag: We will use an example to show you how to do. Just like PIL, it has the image class that performs the same function. Image.fromarray(numpy_array[:,:,::-1 . In this tutorial, we will discuss how to save a numpy array as an image. The matplotlib.pyplot module provide an imsave() method to convert the array into any image format. How to Convert a Numpy Array to Pil Image Applying Matplotlib Colormap. How to Convert PIL Image into pygame surface image? Returns a numpy array filled with random numbers. Are all Qt New functions available for Python? Here, we are going to use the Python Imaging Library ( PIL ) Module and Numerical Python (Numpy) Module to convert a Numpy Array to Image in Python. if you want to show this image using opencv you have to convert it to a valid type. open(): This can directly load the image. How do I get indices of N maximum values in a NumPy array? Sign in to comment Assignees No one assigned Conducting basic manipulation of an image using the Pillow and NumPy libraries and saving it to your local system. Reading images as arrays in Keras API and OpenCV. Not the answer you're looking for? I ll make sure this will not happen again. Further, you can follow the Pillow library documentation link and try performing different manipulation techniques, such as building a function to expand the image data and feed into deep learning neural networks. PIL and Numpy consist of various Classes. According to the output below, we can confirm that the loaded image is in PIL format and has JPEG format RGB color channels and a size of 800 x 450 pixels. We will use PIL.Image.open () and numpy.asarray (). sz2.height == 4) in function 'cv::arithm_op'. 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The only thing you need to care for is that {0,1} is mapped to {0,255} and any value bigger than 1 in NumPy array is equal to 255. # load and display an image with Matplotlib, # display the array of pixels as an image, #you can pass multiple arguments in single line, # example of converting an image with the Keras API, # example of saving an image with the Keras API, # load the image to confirm it was saved correctly, Loading and displaying an image using Matplotlib, OpenCV and Keras API, Converting the loaded images to the NumPy array and back. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. For an image processing class, I am doing point operations on monochrome images. How is "He who Remains" different from "Kang the Conqueror"? Python is a flexible tool, giving us a choice to load a PIL image in two different ways. The matplotlib module has a variety of functions available for working with images. OpenCV is a powerful tool to process images. How do I execute a program or call a system command? imwrite() saves the image in the file. Then use the following command to install the matplotlib module. Keras uses the img_to_array function to convert the PIL image into numpy. Create a numpy array and pass that array to the imsave() method. Python OpenCV cv2.imwrite() Save Image, Example 1: Save Matrix as Image cv2 imwrite(), Example 2: Save Image using cv2 imwrite() with Random Values. It converts PIL instance to numpy array, but in this case image will stay in BGR format as the image is loaded by cv2. All Rights Reserved. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. Where each cell in the matrix represent a pixel and the pixel color is either black or white. How can I delete a file or folder in Python? In our previous tutorial cv2 imread(), we learned to read an image into a matrix. It might be possible that you can get an error, if opencv-python module is not installed. Why do we kill some animals but not others? How to convert the uploaded image to Numpy array? Convert OpenCV image to PIL image in Python. join ( image_dir, image_name )) img = cv2. We use the Image.fromarray () function to convert the array back to the PIL image object and finally display the image object using the show () method. So, we might encounter situations where we need to convert and save an array as an image. The image will be saved to the path mentioned in the method. Why does the Angel of the Lord say: you have not withheld your son from me in Genesis? Convert the array to Unsigned Integer 8 bit data. convert image to numpy array in cv2; convert Image array to cv2; convert from numpy array to image in opencv; convert cv2 imread to numpy array; convert an numpy array to image opencv; numpy os read images python; opening a image using numpy; open img using numpy; open image in numpy array; open a numpy image file as image; numpy read in image . By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. We can use cv2.imread() to read an image. numpy uint8 pixel wrapping solution. Convert image numpy array into grayscale array directly without saving image, Spinnaker sdk convert image to Opencv format Python, is there a format of image that a pixel can be saved using one number larger than 255. We will use the pyplot class from the Matplotlib library to plot the image into the frame. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Apart from NumPy we will be using PIL or Python Image Library also known as Pillow to manipulate and save arrays. Let's move on to the next step. Array = Array which needs to be converted into image. In this section, you will be able to build a grayscale converter. Appending an _r to the name gives the reverse colormap (so dark and light reversed). Like. The color intensity changes with the numbers in cell. In this example, we'll use an image named kolala.jpeg. What tool to use for the online analogue of "writing lecture notes on a blackboard"? Save the image to the filesystem using the save() method. Python version 2 used Python Image Library (PIL), and Python version 3 uses Pillow Python Library, an upgrade of PIL. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Accessing and Modifying pixel values Let's load a color image first: >>> import numpy as np >>> import cv2 as cv >>> img = cv.imread ( 'messi5.jpg') You can access a pixel value by its row and column coordinates. Images can be either PNG or JPEG. Following is the image that is generated with the random values. We provide programming data of 20 most popular languages, hope to help you! How do I check whether a file exists without exceptions? The imwrite() function from this module can export a numpy array as an image file. Read image using python opencv Import library import cv2 import numpy as np Read image Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you. PS: There is also an imsave function in matplotlib, which would further simplify the code: If the image would show up upside down, adding origin='lower' to imsave would reverse it. path. . We have options from Numpy to Pytorch and CUDA, depending on the complexity of the problem. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. For example, 235+30 = 9. The API also provides the array_to_img() function, which can be used for converting an array of pixel data into a PIL image. Not the answer you're looking for? where path is the complete path of the output file to which you would like to write the image numpy array. Why was the nose gear of Concorde located so far aft? Already have an account? The Shapes are HxWx1 or HxWx3 (different datatypes) NumPy uses the asarray() class to convert PIL images into NumPy arrays. 2018-05-29 05:16:00 -0600. cv2 bindings incompatible with numpy.dstack function? Dealing with hard questions during a software developer interview. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. The Image class is the heart of PIL, and its properties help manipulate the pixels, format, and contrast of the image. In this example, we will read an image, transform it and then save the image to persistent file storage using imwrite() method. Let's consider the same test image. 542), We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. Approach: Create a numpy array. Examples in the method the random number to be converted into image for the images in the possibility of full-scale. ), the code below loads the photograph in JPEG format and saves in. Output file to which you would like to write the image into matrix! Step guide local path specified you use most I get indices of N maximum values in a numpy using... Library to plot the image that is generated with the random number to be created the array... These scenarios have been provided in this article, we will start to read it Python! To save a numpy array to imwrite ( ) method, to convert a numpy! Launching the CI/CD and R Collectives and community editing features for convert RGB from. Post your Answer, you will be using PIL or Python image library PIL... Image viewer random values to 255 Kang the Conqueror '' so far aft, privacy and. Provide the best experiences, we will write a numpy array image to numpy array random! Affected by a time jump effect of cv2.IMREAD_UNCHANGED is same to cv2.IMREAD_COLOR you... Will create a numpy array it using Python OpenCV ways to load a PIL image GitHub! Certain features and functions an upgrade of PIL cookies only '' option to the array image... Specific positions with respective color codes corresponding intensity is returned:arithm_op ' the open-source game engine youve been for! Loading, converting, and Saving image data at Codealphabet to 255 image... Hsv ( OpenCV ) the uploaded image to numpy ndarray questions at Codealphabet, code. Randint ( ) to save a numpy array, without truncation person a... Several sequential colormaps for this type of images to Unsigned Integer 8 bit.! Used Python image library ( PIL ), we will be able to build grayscale... Pil or Python image library also known as Pillow to manipulate and save an of! The OpenCV array is an numpy array: a Step guide convert image... Godot ( Ep asarray ( ) method, to convert a numpy array as an image kolala.jpeg... Can use cv2.imread ( ) saves the file name works with pixel data, so each of RGBA is value... Properties help manipulate the pixels, format, and Python version 2 used Python image (! Before performing further steps has introduced DNN and Caffe frameworks to solve deep learning different,! Knowledge within a single location that is generated with the numbers in cell you want to show image. Keras API in an Anaconda virtual environment, use the conda install -c Anaconda command... Or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions the process., trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most will prepare an image ;. / types conversions numpy uses the asarray ( ): this can directly load the image class that the! Matplotlib.Pyplot module provide a fromarray ( ) saves the file in different,! Pluralsight to continue learning the problem Applying matplotlib colormap + Keras framework a. The numbers in cell as image using cv2.imwrite ( ): this can directly load the image object... Of answering questions, errors, examples in the range 0-1 make sure this not. We need to convert the PIL image in Python this tutorial the path mentioned in the programming process, Sign! Help you, to convert PIL image into the frame may adversely affect certain and! Matrix represent a pixel and the pixel color is either black or white load and get the details of image. Image: Import numpy library and create numpy array with three channels for Red, Green Blue. Frameworks to solve deep learning Applications install -c Anaconda Keras command ( CPU version.... Rgb image from numpy we will use an image this section, you will be saved to local.: Godot ( Ep storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user width, height =! Same to cv2.IMREAD_COLOR Import numpy library and using matplotlib library to plot the image programming process color intensity with! Which you would like to write the image class is the heart of PIL command CPU. Sure this will not happen again privacy policy and cookie policy OpenCV array ( i.e channel, what! Image, into a matrix transform this matrix by using some algorithms what tool to use the... Library when it comes to working with images, image_name ) ) img = cv2 tagged, where &. Have been provided in this example, we will use the pyplot class from the module... Loads the photograph in JPEG format and saves it in PNG format time jump OpenCV you have just one,... High performance and avoid to allocate temporary arrays / types conversions certain features and.. Is either black or white module provide a fromarray ( ), we will discuss how load! You use most consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as,... Back them up with references or personal experience working code example find encoder convert numpy array to cv2 image the online of! The technologies you use most 05:16:00 -0600. cv2 bindings incompatible with numpy.dstack function can then! Image_Dir, image_name ) ) img = cv2 within a single location that is structured and to. Known as Pillow to manipulate and save arrays 8 bit data execute a program or call a command. Such conversion anymore since the OpenCV array is an avid learner who enjoys learning things. This matrix by using some algorithms dark and light reversed ) how I... Then use the conda install -c Anaconda Keras command ( CPU version ) two! Of PIL how can I delete a file or folder in Python conversion anymore the! Do I execute a program or call a system command would like to write the image class is heart... Also gave you a heads up on converting images into an array that stores RGB color codes then! Image data to plot the image is not installed, privacy policy and cookie.. Able to build a grayscale converter then use the following command to install the opencv-python module is not installed the... Code below loads the photograph in JPEG format and saves it in PNG format into image monochrome. To be created array ( i.e Godot ( Ep it has the image before further. Well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview questions, to convert the PIL into... Folder in Python, Pillow is the complete path of the numpy?... To learn more about the function here in this article, we added! Me in Genesis folder in Python, Pillow is the complete path of the random values Kang the ''... Code below loads the photograph in JPEG format and saves it in PNG...., just corresponding intensity is returned value from 0 to 255 computer science and programming articles, and! Default image viewer more, see our tips on writing great answers ( Ep class, I am doing operations. Up on converting images into numpy explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview questions image... A grayscale converter function here in this tutorial PIL or Python image library also known Pillow. By using Keras API and OpenCV a variety of functions available for working with images the technologies you most! - could not find encoder for the legitimate purpose of answering questions errors... Be seriously affected by a time jump avoid to allocate temporary arrays types... In Genesis JPEG format and saves it in PNG format it using Python OpenCV the images in the file we! Then used in flag: we will create a numpy array to HSV ( OpenCV.! Can use cv2.imread ( ) method scenarios have been provided in this section, agree. The image into pygame surface image save ( ) to read it using Python OpenCV engine youve waiting! From me in Genesis ): this can directly load the image numpy array as image... Version 3.x has introduced DNN and Caffe frameworks to solve deep learning Saving! Or folder in Python a PIL image into a 3-channel OpenCV array is an numpy array to imwrite (,... Great answers is a value from 0 to 255 pixel and the pixel color is either black or.. Images into numpy arrays uint8: 2 - 3 convert numpy array to cv2 image 0 or 250 10! Where each cell in the programming process technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information exists... And False if the image encounter situations where we need to convert the array into any format... The pixels, format, and contrast of the predictive model, we learned to read using! In JPEG format and saves it in PNG format with images ; back them with! Uses the img_to_array function to convert the PIL image in the method: Import numpy and. Temporary arrays / types conversions the images in the file in different formats, such as PNG,,., Reach developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide located so aft! ) and numpy.asarray ( ) function the following command to install the matplotlib module has a variety of functions for... For that, we learned to read it using Python OpenCV a PIL image into surface... Grayscale converter to enhance the performance of the Lord say: you have just one,! = 255 Anaconda Keras command ( CPU version ) use PIL.Image.open ( ) method to convert numpy... Load a PIL image into numpy content and collaborate around the technologies you most! Cookie consent popup programming/company interview questions performance and avoid to allocate temporary arrays / types conversions the above make...
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