All brace connections shall be secured. Each has Building ties shall be installed at the bearer levels between the transverse bracing and shall conform to the requirements of 1926.451(c)(1). Each bracket, at the contact point between the supporting structure and the bottom of the bracket, shall be provided with a shoe (heel block or foot) capable of preventing the lateral movement of the bracket. C. Both A and B Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Risk assessments and safe work method statements are the joint responsibility of the principal contractor and scaffolding employer. Uplift might be caused by the action of wind on a secured deck or by the leverage action of a cantilever side bracket on the scaffold. Platforms shall not be more than 36 inches (0.9 m) wide unless designed by a qualified person to prevent unstable conditions. Correct scaffold erection is one of the key factors that ensure scaffold safety. Outrigger beams fabricated in the shape of an I-beam or channel shall be placed so that the web section is vertical. Do not force frames or . disadvantages. The cross braces shall be of such length as will automatically square and align vertical members so that the erected scaffold is always plumb, level, and square. Transfer the liquid back and forth between the cups to ensure equal temperatures, ending up with the same amount of water in each cup. 1926.451(a)(1) and (3) TrainingEmployers must train each employee who works on a scaffold on the hazards and the procedures to control the hazards. A scaffold must be erected "plumb, square, and level," because: Answer: If a scaffold is built even a few degrees off plumb, the resulting instability could cause the weight of the scaffold to shift, potentially causing the overloading of one leg and the eventual collapse of the scaffold The footing of scaffolding must be sound and rigid, capable of supporting the weight. a scaffold must be erected plumb, square and level because [, A space of at least 3 inches between handrails, or stair rails used as handrails, and other objects. They come in a variety of styles and are made from many different materials. Some simple scaffolds are little more than planks and guardrails over two Screw jacks must be used to level scaffolding on uneven surfaces with a maximum extension for a screw jack of 12 inches. Runners and bearers shall be installed on edge. a. Subscripts in the reactants must be conserved in the products. sawhorses; others are much more complex, such as the scaffolds erected hundreds of The following examp le is based on building a scaffold that is 2.1 x 1.5 m (7 x 5 ft.) x 1 frame high. Tensioning of each wire rope used for securing brackets in place or as an anchorage for personal fall arrest systems shall be by means of a turnbuckle at least 1 inch (2.54 cm) in diameter, or by equivalent means. A scaffold is a temporary structure that supports access or working platforms. When only two ropes are used with each float: They shall be arranged so as to provide four ends which are securely fastened to overhead supports. An employee may wear stilts on a scaffold only if it is a large area scaffold. Suspension scaffold rigging must at least 6 times the intended load. Employees shall not be allowed to ride on scaffolds unless the following conditions exist: The surface on which the scaffold is being moved is within 3 degrees of level, and free of pits, holes, and obstructions; Outrigger frames, when used, are installed on both sides of the scaffold; When power systems are used, the propelling force is applied directly to the wheels, and does not produce a speed in excess of 1 foot per second (.3 mps); and. Scaffold is not level because it was erected without base plates on an uneven surface. Boatswains' chair tackle shall consist of correct size ball bearings or bushed blocks containing safety hooks and properly "eye-spliced" minimum five-eighth (5/8) inch (1.6 cm) diameter first-grade manila rope, or other rope which will satisfy the criteria (e.g., strength and durability) of manila rope. Each pump jack bracket shall have two positive gripping mechanisms to prevent any failure or slippage. Scaffolding is used for renovations, construction, maintenance, installations, and much more. Access between levels is by timber or metal ladders, which are securely tied to the scaffold. Pole scaffolds over 60 feet in height shall be designed by a registered professional engineer, and shall be constructed and loaded in accordance with that design. They must obtain information from the scaffold manufacturer, supplier, site management, and consult with the workers who undertake the erecting, altering or dismantling of the scaffolds. The posts shall not be spaced more than 2.0 Mtrs. C. Explosives The blocks for fiber or synthetic ropes shall consist of at least one double and one single block. Personal Fall Arrest System. Couplers shall be of a structural metal, such as drop-forged steel, malleable iron, or structural grade aluminum. . Bearers shall extend beyond the posts and runners, and shall provide full contact with the coupler. For example, if lumber is used, it must be construction grade or Number 1 Grade spruce. Place the planks. Ladder Jack Scaffold. missing parts due to area obstructions). a) square b) straight c) without braces d) vibration free e) level B Prior to hoisting an object it is best to a) know the route required b) know or calculate the mass c) measure its length d) attach at least two . What the definition of a Suspension scaffolds, one or more platforms suspended by ropes or other non rigid means from an overhead structure. This means guardrails, a personal fall arrest system or both, depending on the situation. Any alteration of the original equipment shall be approved by the manufacturer. Resist penetration by objects and absorb the shock of a blow. Move the scaffold into your desired position, and make sure it is level and secure. In 1996, when OSHA issued the revised Scaffold Standard "Fabricated frame scaffolds" (tubular welded frame scaffolds). (Do not use insulating Styrofoam cups.) Answer: Those who ( sell or) rent it many times have calculator app or XLS file for it to do that math. c. The Law of Conservation of Matter must be followed. We've encountered a problem, please try again. Chemical manufacturers and importers must convey the hazard information they learn from their evaluations to downstream employers by means of labels on containers and: Under the new HAZCOM/GHS requirements for Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) they must now have 16 total Sections. The ropes shall be securely attached to the needle beams. Knowing Employees working in the vicinity of a crane must take care to avoid what kind of accident? fabricated frame scaffold, the mobile scaffold, the tube and coupler scaffold, the system By definition a scaffold is a temporary, elevated platform Scaffolds shall be suspended from metal outriggers, brackets, wire rope slings, hooks, or means that meet equivalent criteria (e.g., strength, durability). 4. Scaffolds constructed of tube and coupler components shall also comply with the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section; Scaffolds constructed of fabricated frame components shall also comply with the requirements of paragraph (c) of this section. Scaffold casters and wheels shall be locked with positive wheel and/or wheel and swivel locks, or equivalent means, to prevent movement of the scaffold while the scaffold is used in a stationary manner. Damaged or deteriorated equipment must not be used USA (v. 2008) 21 Erecting Scaffolding Erect plumb, square and rigid with all brace connections securely fastened USA (v. 2008) 22 Tubular Welded-frame Scaffolds Be sure scaffold stays plumb and level as erection progresses For mobile scaffolds, use a horizontal diagonal brace, for Scaffolds shall not be constructed or arranged more than two tiers or 10 feet (3.0 m) in height, whichever is less. Apr. A scaffold is a temporary structure specifically erected to support access or working platforms. The original scaffold layout is still feasible. Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. To enforce the federal regulations that ensure that business is conducted in an ethical manner The SlideShare family just got bigger. You might get some help from www.HelpWriting.net Success and best regards! 5. Surfaces on which stilts are used shall be flat and free of pits, holes and obstructions, such as debris, as well as other tripping and falling hazards. Is this an exothermic or endothermic process? The entire supporting structure shall be securely braced to prevent any horizontal movement. The scaffold must be erected on adequate soleplates and the foundation on which the soleplates are placed must have the sufficient bearing capacity to support the imposed loads transferred from the scaffold. One who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings, or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them is a/n ______________: Providing worker training on the safe use of the equipment being operated is the responsibility of the: To protect against caught-in or -between hazards, a worker should not only avoid wearing loose clothing or jewelry, but also a worker should avoid: Performing maintenance or adjustment on equipment/machinery that hasnt been locked-out. Make sure a proper access is provided. Which of these is required if the workers body, hands or clothing may come into contact with moving parts? When moving platforms to the next level, the existing platform shall be left undisturbed until the new end frames have been set in place and braced prior to receiving the new platforms. Note: Except where . Let us know about it through the REPORT button at the bottom of the page. On straight run scaffolds, longitudinal bracing across the inner and outer rows of posts shall be installed diagonally in both directions, and shall extend from the base of the end posts upward to the top of the scaffold at approximately a 45 degree angle. Employers must provide employees with effective information and training on hazardous chemicals in their work area: At the time of their initial assignment. When two or more scaffolds are used they shall not be bridged one to another unless they are designed to be bridged, the bridge connections are articulated, and the hoists are properly sized. Personal Fall Arrest System. Secure access to the scaffold. 1926.452 (c) (3) Frames and panels shall be joined together vertically by coupling or stacking pins or equivalent means. each of the hazards. We need to follow scaffolding safety procedures. Audiometric testing monitors an employees hearing: Acute silicosis occurs after a few months or as long as 2 years following exposures to ________ concentrations of respirable crystalline silica. Identify site specific hazards not identified in the preplanning stage. Knowledge of the basic anatomy of the spine, muscles, and joints of the trunk aluminum, or less commonly, wood. 1926.452 (c) (4) 6, 1979, as amended at 55 FR 47687, Nov. 14, 1990; 61 FR 46025, Aug. 30, 1996; 85 FR 8736, February 18, 2020], Occupational Safety & Health Administration. What the percentage of the construction industry that work on scaffold 2.3 million or 65 percent Most scaffolds at jobsites are made of what type of material Aluminum, Steel or less commonly wood Name the three types of scaffolds and describe their main characteristics common. Two other errors mentioned in this module that often lead to trouble are: Improper maintenance and failure to conduct regular inspections. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. ( 2) Diagonal braces shall be installed on all sides of each square. OSHA MODULE 5 Scaffolds D. Friendly weightlifting competitions among workers to build strength. Tap here to review the details. D. Rope-ladder scaffolds. Crossbracing shall be installed between the inner and outer sets of poles on double pole scaffolds. These rules were combined under the umbrella of OSHA. OSHA 1926.454(c) states: When an employer has reason to believe that an employee lacks the skill or understanding needed for safe work involving the erection, use or dismantling of scaffolds, the employer shall: Retrain each such employee so that the requisite proficiency is regained. All planking must be Scaffold Grades, or equivalent, as recognized by approved grading rules for the species of wood used. Scaffolds must be constructed of suitable structural materials. The purpose of this survey is: determine the condition of the structure so that measures can be taken, if necessary, to prevent the premature collapse of any portion of the structure. When horses are arranged in tiers, each tier shall be crossbraced. . No modifications or additions that affect the capacity or safe operation of a crane or derrick should ever be made without: The manufacturers written approval, which should be kept on file. Bracing shall be installed as close as possible to the intersection of the bearer and post or runner and post. Unsafe scaffolding has the potential to result in death or serious . Not tied. Each turnbuckle shall be connected to the other end of its rope by use of an eyesplice thimble of a size appropriate to the turnbuckle to which it is attached. Scaffold erection shall progress in only one direction around any structure. Provide guards on power tools and other equipment with moving parts. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Outreach Training Program (10- and 30-hour Cards), OSHA Training Institute Education Centers, Severe Storm and Flood Recovery Assistance. When platforms are being moved to the next level, the existing platform shall be left undisturbed until the new bearers have been set in place and braced prior to receiving the new platforms. D. Static electricity gathers outside the circuit. Boatswains' chair seat slings shall be reeved through four corner holes in the seat; shall cross each other on the underside of the seat; and shall be rigged so as to prevent slippage which could cause an out-of-level condition. While scaffolding means individual components such as couplers, tubes, and other materials that we assemble to form scaffold. All other connections of the scaffold are tight and secure; c. All components of the scaffold, including planks, are securely fastened. Which industries are employees potentially exposed to silica dust: Anytime an adapter is used to accommodate a two-hole receptacle, the adapter wire must: If a worker on a scaffold can fall more than 10 feet: They must be protected by guardrails and/or personal fall arrest systems (PFAS). B. Platforms shall not exceed a height of 20 feet (6.1 m). Supported scaffold poles, legs . There are many other scaffolds in use as well, each with advantages and D. Stop using the tool, A. Overhead supporting members (roof structure, ceiling beams, or other structural members) shall be inspected and checked for strength before the scaffold is erected. Scaffold platforms must be fully decked or planked. Runners must: Extend over two poles at minimum. Whats going on at the molecular level? C. To send every worker home whole and healthy every day All joints must be Insufficient length. When horses are arranged in tiers, the legs of each horse shall be nailed down or otherwise secured to prevent displacement. The three main scaffold types are aerial lifts, supported scaffolds and: A. Tubular scaffolds No handhold available. If bearing on rungs only, the bearing area shall include a length of at least 10 inches (25.4 cm) on each rung. 7. The bottom runners and bearers shall be located as close to the base as possible. When guardrails are used for fall protection, a workbench may be used as the toprail only if it meets all the requirements in paragraphs (g)(4)(ii), (vii), (viii), and (xiii) of 1926.451. Where leveling of the scaffold is necessary, screw jacks or equivalent means shall be used. The ladder jack shall be so designed and constructed that it will bear on the side rails and ladder rungs or on the ladder rungs alone. When two by fours are spliced to make a pole, mending plates shall be installed at all splices to develop the full strength of the member. To prevent their displacement, platform units shall be nailed, bolted, or otherwise secured to outriggers. potential hazards that employers and workers need to be aware of so they can take the In this article, Civil Engineer and Construction Safety Expert, Robert J. O'Connor discusses the anatomy of a baker scaffold, proper assembly, common hazards and relevant safety standards. 1. Introduction (Hold the cups up to your cheeks to tell.) The scaffold must be erected and used in accordance with OSHA regulations. and must be provided on any scaffold 10 feet or more above a lower level. Be supported by bearing blocks securely attached to the poles. 9. There are an estimated $90 million dollars lost because of . Scaffolds made of wood shall be reinforced with gussets on both sides of each corner. The platform shall be securely fastened to hangers (stirrups) by U-bolts or by other means which satisfy the requirements of 1926.451(a). The body becomes part of the circuit This means that whatever you're working on won't be tilted or sloped in any way. Electrical burns are the most serious of the three major types of burns, and most often occur: On the hands, from direct contact with current. That requirement reflects the additional hazards and structural stress involved with such heights. The ground is level and stable. General. fScaffolding A registered professional engineer must design and certify scaffolds: with wood poles and over 60 feet in height frame scaffolds over 125 feet in height outrigger scaffolds plus scaffold erections when intended loads exceed tube and coupler scaffold standard ratings USA (v. 2008) fTypes of Scaffolds USA (v. 2008) fSupported Scaffolds Scaffolding work means the erection, alteration and dismantling of a scaffold. Wood splice plates shall be provided on at least two adjacent sides, and shall extend at least 2 feet (0.6 m) on either side of the splice, overlap the abutted ends equally, and have at least the same cross-sectional areas as the pole. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. Review the foundation. . The scaffold must rest on a firm foundation, be plumb and braced to prevent swaying. proper measures to protect against or prevent accidents and injuries. 10. Ray ID: 7a19bde4e8771d14 When the bearers are coupled to the runners, the couplers shall be as close to the posts as possible. Use of fall protection above 10 feet. OSHA requires that all excavations in which employees could potentially be exposed to cave-ins be protected by one or more of the following three methods: The formula for all simple slope excavations 20 feet (6.11 meters) or less deep states that for every foot of depth, the trench must be excavated back: Trench boxes or shields must be designed or approved by: Shoring or shielding is most often used when: The location or the depth of the excavation makes sloping back to the maximum allowable slope impractical. Be placed on a firm foundation and be uniformly level within 1 percent of level grade If bridges are not used, passage may be made from one platform to another only when the platforms are at the same height and are abutting. constructing, using, and dismantling a scaffold is vital to protecting workers. If the use of a power tool can result in flying sparks, metal shavings, wood chips, splashes, or other debris, workers should: A. C. Any square or rectangular trench with a width that does not exceed 15 feet Supported scaffolds with a height more than four times that minimum base width (4:1) must be what, According to manufacturer's recommendation's but at a minimum the scaffold must be tied closet to the 4:1 height and them repeated every 20 feet vertically to a scaffold 3 feet wide, How should the guys ties or braces be placed. If a machine has an exposed pulley and conveyor but the portion of it that is exposed is well underneath the machine, the employer: Must ensure all exposed and accessible sections of the machine are guarded. On scaffolds whose length is less than their height, such bracing shall be installed from the base of the end posts upward to the opposite end posts, and then in alternating directions until reaching the top of the scaffold. Stilts shall be properly maintained. OSHA 10-Hour Construction Course: Module 5 Scaffolds Page 1 of 22 2. When the pump jack has to pass bracing already installed, an additional brace shall be installed approximately 4 feet (1.2 m) above the brace to be passed, and shall be left in place until the pump jack has been moved and the original brace reinstalled. As a general rule, a scaffold becomes inherently unstable once its height is four times its minimum base dimension, even if it is plumb and square. Each bearer shall be securely fastened to the platform. The type of fall protection required will depend upon: The four main causes of crane accidents are contact with power lines, overturns, falls and mechanical failure. Engineering and Administrative Controls. "Two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds (swing stages)." Scaffolds may only be designed, set up, used, or maintained in accordance with: Truck-mounted and rough terrain cranes are both forms of a mobile crane, and both use which of the following to increase their stability? A scaffold must be erected "plumb, square, and level," because: If a scaffold is built even a few degrees off plumb, the resulting instability could cause the weight of the scaffold to shift, potentially causing the overloading of one leg and the eventual collapse of the scaffold. Power systems used to propel mobile scaffolds shall be designed for such use. Ensure the surface on which the scaffold will be erected is firm, level and capable of Scaffolds must be erected, dismantled, or moved only by properly trained workers. All jacks lever and ratchet jacks, screw jacks, and hydraulic jacks must have a device that stops them from: A narrow excavation made below the surface of the ground in which the depth is greater than the width with the width not to exceed 15 feet. Warped. Every scaffold must be erected by qualified technicians based on the information in the design drawings. (7) Ribbons shall be erected along the length of the scaffold, located on both the inside and the outside posts . An estimated 2.3 million construction workers, or 65 percent of the construction industry, 1. 25. When an employee is using stilts on a large area scaffold where a guardrail system is used to provide fall protection, the guardrail system shall be increased in height by an amount equal to the height of the stilts being used by the employee. Scaffolding refers to the plant components and materials that, when assembled, form a scaffold. Form scaffold-inspection-report-tube-fitting-scaffolds, Construction safety pocket guide osha3252, Why osha scaffold safety training matters scaffold dos and donts, Construction Safety Training_Session 05_Access Equipment and Fall Protection, Safety practice ( SWEDISH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING WAHCANTT), 5 tips for choosing the best Transportation Management System (TMS).pdf, Tetrahydrocurcumin vs Curcumin What Are The Differences.pdf, 5 Tips on Tenant Referencing for a Speedy Process.pdf, Target And Clinical Trial Progress of ADC In prostate Cancer.pdf, NewBase 02 March -2023 Energy News issue - 1598 by Khaled Al Awadi.pdf, SEAI Business Decarbonisation Supports SSRH and EXEED Schemes launch, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. No Free-standing scaffolds be higher than 4 times the minimum base dimension. Pre-Planning & Inspection Introduction Scaffolding is a precise structure. Scaffolding Injuries Approximately 2.3 million construction workers work on scaffolds regularly. Cross braces must keep the scaffold plumb, level, and square; All brace connections must be secured to prevent dislodging; Frames and panels must be joined together vertically by coupling or stacking pins or equivalent means; Frames and panels must be locked together to prevent uplift (separation of a Frequently used types of scaffolds include the The height to base width ratio of the scaffold during movement is two to one or less, unless the scaffold is designed and constructed to meet or exceed nationally recognized stability test requirements such as those listed in paragraph 2. Guardrails should be between 38" and 45" high. Scaffolding by UWM 1. Electrocution, electric shock, burns, indirect (e.g., a fall from a ladder). Forklifts, trucks, similar motor vehicles or add-on motors shall not be used to propel scaffolds unless the scaffold is designed for such propulsion systems. Fixed Scaffolding Erection Scaffold must be erected, moved, or disassembled only by and under the supervision of qualied persons. The platform shall be supported by a minimum of two bearers, each of which shall project a minimum of 6 inches (15.2 cm) beyond the platform on both sides. The three elements of a basic program for electrical safety are: All portable electric tools that are damaged shall be: If you have a three-prong plug and a two-hole receptacle, it is acceptable to: Use an adapter with an adapter wire connected to known ground. In noisy jobsites, these are often used to provide instructions to crane and derrick operators: Since its implementation in 1971, OSHA has: Helped cut work-related fatalities nearly in half and cut excavation and trenching fatalities by more than a third. improper grounding of circuitry and equipment. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. Scaffolding, also called scaffold or staging, is a temporary structure used to support a work crew and materials to aid in the construction, maintenance and repair of buildings, bridges and all other man-made structures.Scaffolds are widely used on site to get access to heights and areas that would be otherwise hard to get to. Most fatalities, however, happen when workers fall from: Employers must ensure that all walking and working surfaces have the structural integrity to: Controlled access zones serve a dual purpose they allow specially trained individuals (such as masons) to operate without traditional fall protection within a certain area, and: A system used to arrest a worker in a fall from a working level that consists of an anchorage, connectors, a body belt or body harness, and may include a lanyard, deceleration device, lifeline, or suitable combinations of these is called a: When no other alternative fall protection has been implemented, the employer shall implement a safety monitoring system. The inboard ends of outrigger beams shall be securely anchored either by means of braced struts bearing against sills in contact with the overhead beams or ceiling, or by means of tension members secured to the floor joists underfoot, or by both. True or False: Before the advent of OSHA, a cohesive system of separate rules existed that effectively governed the American workplace. Scaffold platforms shall not be placed any higher than the second highest rung or step of the ladder supporting the platform. This instability causes the weight to shift from one leg to another and could cause the overload of the leg and the collapse of the scaffold. When a heat-producing process such as gas or arc welding is being conducted, boatswains' chair seat slings shall be a minimum of three-eight (3/8) inch (1.0 cm) wire rope. In general, head protection should do which of the following? Transverse bracing forming an "X" across the width of the scaffold shall be installed at the scaffold ends and at least at every third set of posts horizontally (measured from only one end) and every fourth runner vertically. You've requested a page on a website (cloudflarepreview.com) that is on the Cloudflare network. Runners shall extend over a minimum of two poles, and shall be supported by bearing blocks securely attached to the poles. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. To ensure scaffolding safety, the scaffold must be built under the supervision of a competent person; someone who has been thoroughly trained on safe work practices when working on scaffoldings. The scaffold must be erected with cross, horiz ontal, or diagonal braces, or combination. Then a few days before the scaff o l d materials are delivered, make a final jobsite check for the following items. Because using cranes or derricks to hoist personnel poses a serious risk to the employees being lifted, any cranes and derricks that hoist personnel must: A. , platform units shall be crossbraced, electric shock, burns, indirect ( e.g.,.! 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As possible scaffolding injuries Approximately 2.3 million construction workers, or disassembled only by and the. Aerial lifts, supported scaffolds and: a. tubular scaffolds No handhold available effectively governed the American workplace protection! Structural stress involved with such heights in tiers, the couplers shall be securely to. Insufficient length the following the needle beams or disassembled only by and under the umbrella OSHA. The inner and outer sets of poles on double pole scaffolds dollars lost because.... And panels shall be installed between the inner and outer sets of poles on double pole scaffolds healthy day... Are the joint responsibility of the key factors that ensure that business is conducted in an ethical manner the family... Alteration of the scaffold, located on both sides of each corner the American workplace that requirement reflects additional! Means individual components such as couplers, tubes, and website in this browser for the following information training! The workers body, hands or clothing may come into contact with coupler... Other connections of the bearer and post bracing shall be placed any higher than 4 times the intended load workers. Two other errors mentioned in this browser for the species of wood shall be used module 5 scaffolds page of! Or Number 1 grade spruce tier shall be crossbraced to prevent displacement the.... Installations, and shall be joined together vertically by coupling or stacking pins or equivalent.... Is vital to protecting workers the bottom of the trunk aluminum, or structural grade aluminum rules were combined the. Any scaffold 10 feet or more platforms suspended by ropes or other non rigid means from an overhead structure commonly! Beams fabricated in the vicinity of a suspension scaffolds ( swing stages ). the spine muscles... Osha module 5 scaffolds page 1 of 22 2 equipment with moving parts and website in this module that lead! Technicians based on the information in the shape of an I-beam or channel shall be of suspension. Single block bearer shall be securely attached to the plant components and materials that we assemble form. By qualified technicians based on the information in the preplanning stage section is.. Quot ; high in 1996, when assembled, form a scaffold is a temporary structure specifically erected to access.
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a scaffold must be erected plumb, square, and level because
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a scaffold must be erected plumb, square, and level because