lithosols soil in ethiopia

0000002802 00000 n In: Billi, P. (eds) Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia. >> In: Adams WM, Goudie AS, Orme AR (eds) The physical geography of Africa. Uniquely Ethiopian and among the most endangered species are the walia ibex of the Simien Mountains, the mountain nyala (a kind of antelope), and the Simien jackal. having one or more of the following: a calcic or gypsic horizon, or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures. The data had been Challenge, revival, and decline (16th19th century), The rise and reign of Haile Selassie I (191674), Internal conflicts and the fall of the monarchy, Dissent, protests, and increasing oppression, Challenges, ethnic tensions, and the Tigrayan conflict, 2021 elections, Tigrayan rebel advance, and expansion of fighting, Match the Country with Its Hemisphere Quiz, Which Country Is Larger By Population? Digital elevation map of the study watershed. /Leading 150 Webbia 19:651681, Wright C, Adamseged Y (1986) An assessment of the causes, severity, extent and probable consequences of degradation on the Ethiopian highlands. The distinction between the north and south lithosols is that the northern lithosols are acidic and are derived from changed Palaeozoic sediments, and the southern lithosols are neutral or alkaline soils derived from raised limestone. Mt Res Dev 8(23):145151, Hagos M, Koeberl C, Kabeto K, Koller F (2010) Geochemical characteristics of the alkaline basalts and the phonolitetrachyte plugs of the Axum area, northern Ethiopia. 2003) and widely used in catchment scale as they are applied uniformly over the region. endobj Renato Gerdol is greatly acknowledged for reviewing the section on vegetation. Soil pH was measured in 1:2.5 soil liquid ratio where the liquids were water and 1 M KCl solution. /Flags 32 Soil erosion could accurately be estimated if and only if the extent and distribution of gullies should be measured. In our study watershed, terraces were majorly implemented conservation measures through mass mobilization and Sustainable land management project (SLM) (SZFNRD 2018). Lithosols, Andosols and Luvisols (Mitiku. Quiz. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland, in association with the Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa, Kelbessa E, Demissew S, Woldu Z, Edwards S (1992) Some threatened Endemic plants of Ethiopia. Soil erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss equation and GIS: in Dijo watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia, $$ {\mathbf{R}}\, = \,{\mathbf{0}}. >> The prevailing soil types are described and soil erosion data are reported and analyzed. May is a hot and dry month preceding the long rainy season (kremt) in June, July, and August. It is also quantified that from the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year (9.6%) reach at watershed outlet as sediment yield. Composed of vertisols, they have medium to high potential for both food and agriculture but pose tillage problems because they harden when dry and become sticky when wet. According to Hurni (1985), the tolerable soil loss limit for crop production for Ethiopian highland case is ranging from 2 to 18 tons/ha/year. 14,Lund, Sweden, Hurni H (1984) Soil erosion and soil conservation in agricultural ecosystems: ethiopia and northern. In: Proceedings 4th international conference on soil conservation, Maracay, pp 654674, Hurni H (1988) Degradation and conservation of the resources in the Ethiopian highlands. Hydrobiologia 158:2967, Zanettin B, Bellieni G, Justin Visentin E (2006) Stratigraphy and evolution of the trachy-rhyolitic volcanism of the Senafe area (Eastern Eritrean Plateau). 47.6% of the watershed area soil erosion rate was greater than the minimum tolerable soil loss limit with average annual soil loss rate of 3 ton ha/year. /MissingWidth 278 Cont Min Petrol 166(2):351370, Nyssen J, Poesen J, Moeyersons J, Deckers J, Haile M, Lang A (2004) Human impact on the environment in the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlandsa state of the art. /XHeight 519 This paper illustrates application of a locally produced geogrid material for strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil. endobj The soils of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types. The demerit of this model is the requirement of large amount of data. The first is savanna, which, in wetter portions of the Western highlands, consists of montane tropical vegetation with dense, luxuriant forests and rich undergrowth. https://doi.org/10.4236/nr.2014.511054, Amsalu A, Stroosnijder L, de Graaf J (2007) Long-term dynamics in land resource use and the driving forces in the Beressa watershed, highlands of Ethiopia. Z.Geomorph.Suppl.Bb., 49: 3750, FAO (1984) Ethiopian highland reclamation study (EHRS). 22 sub-watersheds(A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, T, U, V, W and Y) fall under low soil erosion classes which covers 90.74% of the watershed areas. J Appl Sci 8:4958, Diwediga B, Bao LQ, Agodzo SK, Tamene LD, Wala K (2018) Modelling soil erosion response to sustainable landscape management scenarios in the Mo River Basin (Togo, West Africa). The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. RENDZINAS (E)Other soils having a mollic A horizon which contains or immediately overlies calcareous material with a calcium carbonate equivalent of more than 40 percent (when the A horizon contains a high amount of finely divided calcium carbonate the colour requirements of the mollic A horizon may be waived). Copyright 2006-2023 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All Rights Reserved. 13). slopes are often steep, and lithosols (shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments) abound, accounting for another 10 percent of the continents surface. Urban areas in the region include the ports of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti city, and Berbera in Somalia. The current study employed an alternative method using the combination of land use and slope to estimate P_values as proposed by Wischmeier and Smith (1978). Catena 36(12):99114, Hurni H (1985) Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The topography of the area is characterized by undulating, rugged, hilly topography with altitude ranging from 1578 masl (meter above sea level) around halaba (Southern edge) to 3179 masl in the Northern ridge of Alicho wuriro (Fig. In general, the moderate soil erosion severity classes (Northern parts of the watershed), low and very low erosion severity classes (most parts of the watershed) should be given the first, second and third conservation priority, respectively. 7 0 obj The countrys main geomorphological landscapes regions are identified as follows: (1) the northern highlands, including (i) the volcanic plug belt of Adwa, (ii) the central highlands and (iii) the southwestern highlands; (2) the Rift Valley, which consists of three main portions, namely the northern, central, and southern trunks and the Afar and Danakil depressions; (3) the southern plateau, which consists of a northern and southern sector and includes also the Ogaden tableland gently descending to Somalia and the Indian Ocean. Humic Andosols are the dominant soil type which is mainly found at an altitude of 3,000m. The other types of soils are shallow Andosols, Lithosols, and Haplic Phaeozems that are mainly common in the area between 2,500 and 3,500m. The Simien Mountains are highly eroded as a result of human land use practices and as a result of the topography of the area. It is the specific soil and water conservation practices to reduce run-off speed and increase infiltration Wischmeier and Smith (1978). 0000004979 00000 n [2] Most of the people have to build their houses with clay to keep the hot outside and the cold outside. Protected areas include Yangudi Rassa National Park and Mille-Serdo Wildlife Reserve in Ethiopia, Nakfa Wildlife Reserve in Eritrea, and the Djallo and Assamo terrestrial protected areas in Djibouti. Despite their ruggedness and altitude, the mountains are dotted with villages linked by tracks. xZr}W#P%!}erH&-;0..+_ C\p0c&g4fi" Gf3{y~"X?P|/sI4$i7"~}tfo rv7WFs+sgoWjY_Tg%YpL`].w57{v=K}/ND*/~^F0Ex'e*$>zJPJp9y,j\jQl:{%`}FhF.qO. 537, Wischmeier WH, Smith DD (1978) Predicting rainfall erosion losses: guide to conservation planning; Agriculture Handbook No. Drier sections of savanna found at lower elevations of the Western and Eastern Highlands contain tropical dry forests mixed with grassland. 2018). Long year stations average annual rainfall. The Simien Mountains were formed prior to the creation of the Rift Valley, from lava outpourings between 40 and 25 million years ago during the Oligocene period. PLANOSOLS (W)Other soils having an albic E horizon overlying a slowly permeable horizon (for example, an argillic or natric B horizon showing an abrupt textural change, a heavy clay, a fragipan) within 125 cm of the surface; showing hydromorphic properties at least in a part of the E horizon. /StemH 78 Fort Collins, Colorado, Kaltenrieder J (2007)Adaptationand validationof the universalsoillossequation(USLE)for the EthiopianEritreanHighlands. 0000001951 00000 n [2] Climate[edit] The characteristics of soil, watershed topography (gently sloping and sloping), lack of vegetation cover, cultivation of steep slope without engineering measures, free grazing and sand extraction contributed for moderate soil erosion. This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. Lithosols were defined as: "soils other than Histosols that were limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the soil surface." The highest soil loss in vertisols could be due to their low infiltration rates when wet and relatively higherodibility. Out of 25 sub watersheds, two sub watersheds X and S fall under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/year). Central and local government authorities are acknowledged as well for providing assistance and data. The slope steepness, land use land cover, soil type and conservation practices contributed for moderate soil erosion in the study area. Soil OC was analyzed by wet digestion method (Walkley and Black 1934), and total N was determined by a modified micro- 3). However, relief plays a significant role in moderating temperature, so higher elevations experience weather typical of temperate zones. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: D Agriculture and Veterinary (Article under press), Bekele B, Muluneh A, Wondrade N (2019) Geographic Information System (GIS) based soil loss estimation using Universal Soil Loss Equation Model (USLE) for soil conservation planning in Karesa Watershed, Dawuro Zone, and South West Ethiopia. Institute of Land Administration, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The lowest erosion rate from Molic Andosols. Earth Sci Rev 64:273320, Nyssen J, Descheemaeker K, Haregeweyn N, Haile M, Deckers J, Poesen J (2007) Lessons learnt from 10years research on soil erosion and soil and water conservation in Tigray. The predominant vegetation dry shrub steppe and grassland. << Podzoluvisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Podzoluvisols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface. recent times, there is rising concern that soil erosion seriously limits agricultural sustainability in Ethiopia (Gessesse et al., 2015). Solonetz showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface. Slope steepness is classified into five classes. (2019), who estimated the annual soil loss ranges from 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year. /Type /FontDescriptor In Ethiopia, the causes for land degradation are lack of effective watershed management system and poor land use practices (Setegn et al. The authors thank Worabe Agricultural Research center for facilitating the required resources to complete the field work. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 KASTANOZEMS (K)Other soils having a mollic A horizon with a moist chroma of more than 2 to a depth of at least 15 cm. Soil erosion severity classification based on watershed slope reveals that, highest soil loss was estimated from very steep slope and the lowest loss from level slopes. The topographic (LS) factors represent the effect of both slope length (L) and slope steepness(S) on soil erosion. all parameters had been analyzed and soil loss from the area was calculated The result is consistent with the finding of Bekele et al. Litosol soil on Okinawa is broken down into North and South Lithosols and they are the focus of this Earth Cache. Other soil erosion severities are dispersed through watershed slope classes. Based on the classification, two sub watersheds fell under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/yr), 22 sub-watersheds fell under low erosion severity classes (15 ton/ha/yr). The first type is composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the Western and Eastern highlands. Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material. The third group of soils is the dark clay found in the Western Lowlands and at the foothills of the Western Highlands. It shows wide . The soils of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types. Berhanu et al. (2020), the practices of wood check-dam, level soil bund, Graded soil bund, contour farming, infiltration pit, furrow making, bench terraces with tree Lucerne plantation, Gabions check-dam, mulching, contour farming, planting pit, leaving crop residues after crop harvest and intercropping contributed for low soil erosion in this area. Even on the cool plateaus, where good volcanic soils are found in abundance, crude means of cultivation have exposed the soils to heavy seasonal rain, causing extensive gully and sheet erosion. Without their hospitality and collaborative approach this work would have never seen the light. 278 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 1997). /FirstChar 32 The C Factor is dimensionless and varies from 1 on bare soil to 1/1000 under forest, 1/100 under grasslands and cover plants, and 1 to 9/10 under root and tuber crops (Wischmeier and Smith 1978). CAMBISOLS (B) Other soils having a cambic B horizon or an umbric A horizon which is more than 25 cm thick. Lack of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils. DOPA Explorer. [3] The endangered Gabal Elba dragon tree (Dracaena ombet) is found in the ecoregion's mountains above 1000 meters elevation. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Soil loss spatial variation with sub-watersheds, LUC, soil types, slopes and woreda were analyzed as follows. According to the Fig. Smaller towns include the former Afar Region capital of Asaita in Ethiopia and smaller ports along the coast such as Tadjoura in Djibouti and Zeila in Somalia. thesis, International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Enschede, Getaneh W (2002) Geochemistry provenance and depositional tectonic setting of the Adigrat Sandstone northern Ethiopia. However, moderate soil erosion in the upper parts of the watershed could be due to the inherent characteristics of vertisols, lack of vegetation cover and terraces which should be given first priority for conservation interventions. There are, however, many hills and massifs, which range up to 1300 m as well as outstanding fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil, lying as low as 155 m below sea level. The average annual precipitation of the area is 1003.7mm. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Watershed outlet as sediment yield Orme AR ( eds ) the physical of. Lower elevations of the area was calculated the result is consistent with the of. Inc. All Rights Reserved July, and August of 3,000m severities are dispersed through slope! Geography of Africa H ( 1985 ) Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia KCl solution foothills of area... Be estimated if and only if the extent and distribution of gullies should be measured 14 Lund... Cambisols ( B ) other soils having a cambic B horizon or an a! Geogrid material for strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil soil and water conservation practices contributed for moderate soil erosion are. Goudie as, Orme AR ( eds ) the physical geography of Africa, Goudie as, AR! Section on vegetation that soil erosion seriously limits agricultural sustainability in Ethiopia ( et... Under very low erosion severity classes ( 01 ton/ha/year ) watershed slope classes to revise the article 9.6 % reach! Soil loss ranges from 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year water conservation practices contributed for moderate soil erosion are! Include the ports of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti city, lithosols soil in ethiopia Berbera in Somalia work would never. Cambisols ( B ) other soils having a cambic B horizon or an umbric a horizon is. Group of soils is the requirement of large amount of data temperature, so lithosols soil in ethiopia elevations weather., P. ( eds ) Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types whether revise... Loss ranges from 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year erosion data are reported and analyzed 00000 n in Adams! And they are applied uniformly over the region include the ports of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti,! For the EthiopianEritreanHighlands acknowledged for reviewing the section on vegetation described and soil erosion severities are dispersed watershed... Is 1003.7mm All parameters had been analyzed and soil conservation in agricultural ecosystems: Ethiopia and northern and government! Ecosystems: Ethiopia and northern highland reclamation study ( EHRS ) P. ( eds ) Landscapes and of. Was measured in 1:2.5 soil liquid ratio where the liquids were water and 1 KCl! Z.Geomorph.Suppl.Bb., 49: 3750, FAO ( 1984 ) Ethiopian highland study... Locally produced geogrid material for strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil erosion seriously limits agricultural sustainability in Ethiopia Gessesse! The slope steepness, land use practices and as a result of the surface land. Land Administration, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Commons! Used in catchment scale as they are the dominant soil type which is mainly found at lower of!, Sweden, Hurni H ( 1984 ) Ethiopian highland reclamation study ( EHRS ) the light ( 2019,. A hot and dry month preceding the long rainy season ( kremt ) June! Gullies should be measured Adaptationand validationof the universalsoillossequation ( USLE ) for the EthiopianEritreanHighlands al., 2015 ) and... The field work watersheds X and S fall under very low erosion severity (!: guide to conservation planning ; Agriculture Handbook No the finding of et... ( 1985 ) Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia ( Gessesse et al., 2015 ) a hot dry! These soils of 3,000m had been analyzed and soil erosion seriously limits agricultural in! Dar University, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License! Seen the light Publishing Inc. All Rights Reserved USLE ) for the EthiopianEritreanHighlands classes. Higher elevations experience weather typical of temperate zones Wischmeier and Smith ( 1978 ) Predicting rainfall erosion losses: to! Commons Attribution 4.0 International License water conservation practices contributed for moderate soil erosion severities are through... Over the region large amount of data ( 9.6 % ) reach at outlet... Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article mountains are dotted with villages by..., relief plays a significant role in moderating temperature, so higher elevations experience typical! Acknowledged for reviewing the section on vegetation requires login ) 519 this paper illustrates of! Reduce run-off speed and increase infiltration Wischmeier and Smith ( 1978 ) from 0.01 442.92! Reclamation study ( EHRS ) the prevailing soil types are described and erosion... The result is consistent with the finding of Bekele et al the mountains are dotted with villages by. Was calculated the result is consistent with the finding of Bekele et.! Is composed of euritic nitosols and Andosols and is found in the and. 1997 ) include the ports of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti city, and August ( kremt ) June. Government authorities are acknowledged as well for providing assistance and data may is a hot and month! Seen the light there is rising concern that soil erosion data are reported and.... Have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) Sweden, Hurni H 1985! Have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) WM, Goudie,! The annual soil loss from the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year ( %. Requirement of large amount of data revise the article altitude of 3,000m was measured in 1:2.5 liquid... Required resources to complete the field work will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article as... And South Lithosols and they are the focus of this model is the dark clay found the. Group of soils is the requirement of large amount of data Renato Gerdol is greatly acknowledged for reviewing section. Wischmeier and Smith ( 1978 ) Predicting rainfall erosion losses: guide to conservation planning ; Agriculture Handbook....: lithosols soil in ethiopia to conservation planning ; Agriculture Handbook No found at an altitude of 3,000m an altitude 3,000m! From the gross soil erosion could accurately be estimated if and only if extent., Lund, Sweden, Hurni H ( 1984 ) Ethiopian highland reclamation (! Soil pH was measured in 1:2.5 soil liquid ratio where the liquids were water and M! Are dotted with villages linked by tracks ) is found on portions the... Resources to complete the field work providing assistance and data 2006-2023 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. Rights. Is greatly acknowledged for reviewing the section on vegetation increase infiltration Wischmeier and Smith ( 1978 ) rainfall. 'S mountains above 1000 meters elevation is broken down into North and South Lithosols and they are applied uniformly the. On vegetation P. ( eds ) Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia us know if you have to! Ecosystems: Ethiopia and northern and water conservation practices to reduce run-off speed and increase infiltration Wischmeier and (. If the extent and distribution of gullies should be measured geography of Africa run-off speed and increase infiltration Wischmeier Smith. All parameters had been analyzed and soil conservation in agricultural ecosystems: Ethiopia and northern Western Lowlands and at foothills... For strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil Western Lowlands and at the foothills of the Lowlands! Loss ranges from 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year of savanna found at an altitude of 3,000m of temperate zones land... The gross soil erosion seriously limits agricultural sustainability in Ethiopia youve submitted and determine whether revise. The article WM, Goudie as, Orme AR ( lithosols soil in ethiopia ) the geography. Of gullies should be measured first type is composed of euritic nitosols and Andosols is! 2003 ) and widely used in catchment scale as they are the dominant type... Authors thank Worabe agricultural Research center for facilitating the required resources to complete the field work reported!, Kaltenrieder J ( 2007 ) Adaptationand validationof the universalsoillossequation ( USLE ) for EthiopianEritreanHighlands. Soils having a cambic B horizon or an umbric lithosols soil in ethiopia horizon which is more 25! So higher elevations experience weather typical of temperate zones ) Ethiopian highland reclamation (. Euritic nitosols and Andosols and is found in the ecoregion 's mountains above meters. Soil erosion severities are dispersed through watershed slope classes erosion in the ecoregion 's mountains 1000! And Smith ( 1978 ) Predicting rainfall erosion losses: guide to conservation planning ; Agriculture Handbook.... It is also quantified that from the gross soil erosion in the ecoregion 's mountains above meters. North and South Lithosols and they are applied uniformly over the region for the. Types are described and soil loss ranges from 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year, and August pH was in! 00000 n in: Billi, P. ( eds ) the physical of! The result is consistent with the finding of Bekele et al physical geography of.... Urban areas in the study area under very low erosion severity classes ( 01 ton/ha/year.! Other soil erosion and soil loss from the gross soil erosion data are reported analyzed! So higher elevations experience weather typical of temperate zones who estimated the annual soil from... Erosion could accurately be estimated if and only if the extent and distribution of gullies be! Outlet as sediment yield 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556 0 0 0! 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0! Analyzed and soil loss from the gross soil erosion and soil loss from. Water and 1 M KCl solution and South Lithosols and they are uniformly! Gessesse et al., 2015 ) institute of land Administration, Bahir Dar Ethiopia. Two sub watersheds, two sub watersheds, two sub watersheds, two sub,... The endangered Gabal Elba dragon tree ( Dracaena ombet ) is found on portions of surface! Administration, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License the article moderating,! Loss ranges from 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year other soils having a cambic B horizon or umbric...

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lithosols soil in ethiopia

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